Mysorean invasion of Kerala

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix. Broken bracket problem. Do general fixes and cleanup if needed. - using AWB ← Previous revision Revision as of 06:43, 23 June 2016 Line 23: Line 23:   By the 18th century, all the petty kingdoms of Kerala had been absorbed or subordinated by three big states of [[Travancore]], [[Zamorin|Calicut (ruled by Zamorins)]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. [[Kingdom of Mysore]], nominally ruled by the [[Wodeyar]] family, rose to prominence in India after the decline of the [[Mughal empire]]. In 1761, [[Hyder Ali]] seized control of all of the reins of power in Mysore by overthrowing a powerful minister and became the "de facto" head of Mysore Kingdom. He turned his attention towards expansion which included the capture of the Kingdoms of Bednur (Ikkeri or Keladi<ref>[http://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/bednur.html Kingdom of Bednur]</ref>), Sunda, Sera, and Canara. In 1766, he descended into Malabar and occupied the Kingdoms of Chirakkal (former [[Kolathunad]]), Kottayam, [[Kadathanad]], Calicut, [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]] and Palghat and King of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] accepted his suzerainty and paid him tribute annually for from 1766{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} till 1790. [[Feroke|Faruqabad]], near Calicut, was the local capital of the Mysore-ruled Kerala.   By the 18th century, all the petty kingdoms of Kerala had been absorbed or subordinated by three big states of [[Travancore]], [[Zamorin|Calicut (ruled by Zamorins)]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. [[Kingdom of Mysore]], nominally ruled by the [[Wodeyar]] family, rose to prominence in India after the decline of the [[Mughal empire]]. In 1761, [[Hyder Ali]] seized control of all of the reins of power in Mysore by overthrowing a powerful minister and became the "de facto" head of Mysore Kingdom. He turned his attention towards expansion which included the capture of the Kingdoms of Bednur (Ikkeri or Keladi<ref>[http://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/bednur.html Kingdom of Bednur]</ref>), Sunda, Sera, and Canara. In 1766, he descended into Malabar and occupied the Kingdoms of Chirakkal (former [[Kolathunad]]), Kottayam, [[Kadathanad]], Calicut, [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]] and Palghat and King of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] accepted his suzerainty and paid him tribute annually for from 1766{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} till 1790. [[Feroke|Faruqabad]], near Calicut, was the local capital of the Mysore-ruled Kerala.     − Hyder Ali's attempt to defeat [[Travancore]], a British ally state<ref name="Tippu Sultan 2011">"Tippu Sultan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 22 November 2011.</ref> south of Cochin, failed in 1767 and second effort by his son [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1789–1790 was incomplete. Moreover, Tipu Sultan provoked British invasion in the form of [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] by attacking the Kingdom of Travancore.<ref name="Tippu Sultan 2011"/> Thus [[Travancore]] was only part of present-day [[Kerala state]] that stood outside Mysore authority.<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ezW2AAAAIAAJ Journal of Indian history, Volume 55 By University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala. pp.144]</ref> + Hyder Ali's attempt to defeat [[Travancore]], a British ally state<ref name="Tippu Sultan 2011">"Tippu Sultan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 22 November 2011.</ref> south of Cochin, failed in 1767 and second effort by his son [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1789–1790 was incomplete. Moreover, Tipu Sultan provoked British invasion in the form of [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] by attacking the Kingdom of Travancore.<ref name="Tippu Sultan 2011"/> Thus [[Travancore]] was only part of present-day [[Kerala state]] that stood outside Mysore authority.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ezW2AAAAIAAJ Journal of Indian history, Volume 55 By University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala. pp.144]</ref>       By the [[treaty of Seringapatam]] (1792), Tipu ceded half of his territories including Malabar to the English East India Company and their allies and paid 33&nbsp;million of rupees as indemnity. By 1801, the [[Madras Presidency]] was created by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]], by attaching Malabar along with Carnatic territories seized from Mysore. Travancore was asked by the Company to meet the entire expenditure of the Third Anglo-Mysore war on the plea that the war was undertaken in defence of Travancore. The new treaty of 1795 reduced Travancore from a friend and ally of the English East India Company to that of a protected ally. The King was forced to entertain a subsidiary force far beyond his capacity to subsidise. The Company also claimed a monopoly in the black pepper trade of the country.<ref name="kerala.gov.in"/>   By the [[treaty of Seringapatam]] (1792), Tipu ceded half of his territories including Malabar to the English East India Company and their allies and paid 33&nbsp;million of rupees as indemnity. By 1801, the [[Madras Presidency]] was created by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]], by attaching Malabar along with Carnatic territories seized from Mysore. Travancore was asked by the Company to meet the entire expenditure of the Third Anglo-Mysore war on the plea that the war was undertaken in defence of Travancore. The new treaty of 1795 reduced Travancore from a friend and ally of the English East India Company to that of a protected ally. The King was forced to entertain a subsidiary force far beyond his capacity to subsidise. The Company also claimed a monopoly in the black pepper trade of the country.<ref name="kerala.gov.in"/> Line 77: Line 77:   Mysore conducted a second military movement in 1774, concentrating on the rich treasures of the Tranvancore. Also, Travancore has given refuge to the political enemies of Mysore from Malabar. Slowly Hyder Ali moved southwards with a huge army and negotiated with the Dutch. He wanted free passage to Travancore through Dutch territories, which was refused (the Dutch owed Travancore after their defeat in the [[Battle of Colachel]]). As Travancore refused to stop the construction of [[Nedumkotta]] fortification, which formed the northern defences of Travancore, rumours of a proposed invasion of Travancore started developing.   Mysore conducted a second military movement in 1774, concentrating on the rich treasures of the Tranvancore. Also, Travancore has given refuge to the political enemies of Mysore from Malabar. Slowly Hyder Ali moved southwards with a huge army and negotiated with the Dutch. He wanted free passage to Travancore through Dutch territories, which was refused (the Dutch owed Travancore after their defeat in the [[Battle of Colachel]]). As Travancore refused to stop the construction of [[Nedumkotta]] fortification, which formed the northern defences of Travancore, rumours of a proposed invasion of Travancore started developing.     − [[File:Nedumkotta.jpg|left|thumb|The relics of the entrance of [[Nedumkotta|travancore lines]] + [[File:Nedumkotta.jpg|left|thumb|The relics of the entrance of [[Nedumkotta|travancore lines]]]]       Hyder Ali asked the rulers of [[Cochin]] and of Travancore to pay tribute as vassal states. Cochin was asked to pay a total of Rs. 40   Hyder Ali asked the rulers of [[Cochin]] and of Travancore to pay tribute as vassal states. Cochin was asked to pay a total of Rs. 40