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* Corporal Henry Cromwell Bixby – 1st enlistment, Company G, 20th Massachusetts Infantry (served July 18, 1861 – May 29, 1862).{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=[https://archive.org/stream/genealogyofdesce00bixb#page/n465/mode/2up 392]}}<ref name=":3" /> 2nd enlistment, Company K, [[32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry|32nd Massachusetts Infantry]] (served August 5, 1862 – December 17, 1864). Captured at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] and sent to [[Richmond, Virginia]]. [[Parole#Prisoners of war|Paroled]] on March 7, 1864 at City Point, Virginia.{{sfn|Bullard|1946|p=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/28/mode/2up 29]}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/massachusettssol31931mass#page/520/mode/2up|title=Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the Civil War: Volume III|last=Massachusetts Adjutant General Office|first=|publisher=Norwood Press|year=1932|isbn=|location=Norwood, Massachusetts|pages=520}}</ref> Born March 30, 1830 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. Died November 8, 1871 in [[Milford, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=387}} |
* Corporal Henry Cromwell Bixby – 1st enlistment, Company G, 20th Massachusetts Infantry (served July 18, 1861 – May 29, 1862).{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=[https://archive.org/stream/genealogyofdesce00bixb#page/n465/mode/2up 392]}}<ref name=":3" /> 2nd enlistment, Company K, [[32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry|32nd Massachusetts Infantry]] (served August 5, 1862 – December 17, 1864). Captured at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] and sent to [[Richmond, Virginia]]. [[Parole#Prisoners of war|Paroled]] on March 7, 1864 at City Point, Virginia.{{sfn|Bullard|1946|p=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/28/mode/2up 29]}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/massachusettssol31931mass#page/520/mode/2up|title=Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the Civil War: Volume III|last=Massachusetts Adjutant General Office|first=|publisher=Norwood Press|year=1932|isbn=|location=Norwood, Massachusetts|pages=520}}</ref> Born March 30, 1830 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. Died November 8, 1871 in [[Milford, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=387}} |
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* Private Oliver Cromwell Bixby, Jr. – Company E, 58th Massachusetts Infantry (served February 26, 1864 – July 30, 1864). Wounded at [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House|Spotsylvania]] on May 12, 1864. Killed in action near [[Siege of Petersburg|Petersburg, Virginia]]. Born February 1, 1828 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=387}}<ref name=":4" /> |
* Private Oliver Cromwell Bixby, Jr. – Company E, 58th Massachusetts Infantry (served February 26, 1864 – July 30, 1864). Wounded at [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House|Spotsylvania]] on May 12, 1864. Killed in action near [[Siege of Petersburg|Petersburg, Virginia]]. Born February 1, 1828 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=387}}<ref name=":4" /> |
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| − | * Private George Way Bixby – Company B, 56th Massachusetts Infantry (served March 16, 1864 – ?). Enlisted under the name "George Way," apparently to conceal his enlistment from his wife. Captured at Petersburg on July 30, 1864. First held prisoner at Richmond but later transferred to [[Salisbury Prison]] in [[North Carolina]], arriving there on October 9, 1864. His fate after that remains uncertain. Later army records report conflicting accounts of him either dying at Salisbury or deserting to the Confederate Army.{{efn|A "George Bixby, nephew of Cuba" is mentioned in an 1878 estate record of Albert Bixby, an uncle who died in Milford, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=388}} However, this George was not included on the estate's list of surviving heirs of Cromwell Bixby. Milford relatives later admitted confusing Lydia Bixby's sons with cousins having the same name. |
+ | * Private George Way Bixby – Company B, 56th Massachusetts Infantry (served March 16, 1864 – ?). Enlisted under the name "George Way," apparently to conceal his enlistment from his wife. Captured at Petersburg on July 30, 1864. First held prisoner at Richmond but later transferred to [[Salisbury Prison]] in [[North Carolina]], arriving there on October 9, 1864. His fate after that remains uncertain. Later army records report conflicting accounts of him either dying at Salisbury or deserting to the Confederate Army.{{efn|A "George Bixby, nephew of Cuba" is mentioned in an 1878 estate record of Albert Bixby, an uncle who died in Milford, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=388}} However, this George was not included on the estate's list of surviving heirs of Cromwell Bixby. Milford relatives later admitted confusing Lydia Bixby's sons with cousins having the same name.{{sfn|Banning|1922|p=519}}}}{{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/28/mode/2up 28-32]}}{{sfn|Steers|Holzer|2007|p=97}} Born June 22, 1836 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Bixby|Putnam|1914|p=388}} |
Schouler's report to the War Department had erroneously listed son Edward as a member of the [[22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry|22nd Massachusetts Infantry]], who died of his wounds at [[Folly Island]], [[South Carolina]].{{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/32/mode/2up 32-33]}}<ref name=":5" /> Bixby may have been trying to conceal Edward's 1862 desertion; possibly due to embarrassment or hope of further financial aid. (She had already been receiving a pension following son Charles's death in 1863.){{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/22/mode/2up 22]}} |
Schouler's report to the War Department had erroneously listed son Edward as a member of the [[22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry|22nd Massachusetts Infantry]], who died of his wounds at [[Folly Island]], [[South Carolina]].{{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/32/mode/2up 32-33]}}<ref name=":5" /> Bixby may have been trying to conceal Edward's 1862 desertion; possibly due to embarrassment or hope of further financial aid. (She had already been receiving a pension following son Charles's death in 1863.){{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/22/mode/2up 22]}} |
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===The Tobin facsimile=== |
===The Tobin facsimile=== |
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[[File:Bixby letter facsimile.jpg|thumb|right|Lithographic facsimile of the Bixby letter sold by Huber's Museum in New York City.]] |
[[File:Bixby letter facsimile.jpg|thumb|right|Lithographic facsimile of the Bixby letter sold by Huber's Museum in New York City.]] |
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| − | [[Christie's]] auction house receives numerous supposed original Bixby letters every year,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/11/lincoln-bicentennial-gettysburg-lifestyle-collecting_0211_lincoln.html |title=Lincoln's Lost Memorabilia |work=Forbes |author=Burke, Monte |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=October 4, 2010}}</ref> including copies of a lithographic facsimile of the letter in widespread circulation. First appearing in 1891, when [[New York City]] print dealer Michael F. Tobin applied for a copyright to sell souvenir copies for $2 each.{{sfn|Steers|Holzer|2007|pp=96, 98}} Soon, Huber's Museum, a nearby [[dime museum]] began displaying a copy of the Tobin facsimile as "the original Bixby letter" and selling their own copies of it for $1 each.{{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/54/mode/2up 54-58]}} |
+ | [[Christie's]] auction house receives numerous supposed original Bixby letters every year,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/11/lincoln-bicentennial-gettysburg-lifestyle-collecting_0211_lincoln.html |title=Lincoln's Lost Memorabilia |work=Forbes |author=Burke, Monte |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=October 4, 2010}}</ref> including copies of a lithographic facsimile of the letter in widespread circulation. First appearing in 1891, when [[New York City]] print dealer Michael F. Tobin applied for a copyright to sell souvenir copies for $2 each.{{sfn|Steers|Holzer|2007|pp=96, 98}} Soon, Huber's Museum, a nearby [[dime museum]] began displaying a copy of the Tobin facsimile as "the original Bixby letter" and selling their own copies of it for $1 each.{{sfn|Bullard|1946|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/54/mode/2up 54-58]}}{{sfn|Banning|1922|p=520}} |
[[Charles Hamilton (handwriting expert)|Charles Hamilton]], an [[autograph]] dealer and handwriting expert, examined a copy of the Tobin facsimile of the Bixby letter and concluded that it was a poorly executed [[forgery]]. He believed it had originally been written in pencil and then retraced in ink, calling the facsimile's handwriting "halting and awkward and makes his (Lincoln's) forceful hand appear like a child's scrawl".<ref>{{Cite book|title = Great Forgers and Famous Fakes|last = Hamilton|first = Charles|publisher = Crown Publishers|year = 1980|isbn = |location = New York|pages = 29–37}}</ref> |
[[Charles Hamilton (handwriting expert)|Charles Hamilton]], an [[autograph]] dealer and handwriting expert, examined a copy of the Tobin facsimile of the Bixby letter and concluded that it was a poorly executed [[forgery]]. He believed it had originally been written in pencil and then retraced in ink, calling the facsimile's handwriting "halting and awkward and makes his (Lincoln's) forceful hand appear like a child's scrawl".<ref>{{Cite book|title = Great Forgers and Famous Fakes|last = Hamilton|first = Charles|publisher = Crown Publishers|year = 1980|isbn = |location = New York|pages = 29–37}}</ref> |
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*Barton, William E. (1926). ''A Beautiful Blunder: The True Story of Lincoln's Letter to Mrs. Lydia A. Bixby.'' Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. |
*Barton, William E. (1926). ''A Beautiful Blunder: The True Story of Lincoln's Letter to Mrs. Lydia A. Bixby.'' Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. |
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*{{Cite book|title = A Genealogy of the Descendants of Joseph Bixby 1621-1701 of Ipswich and Boxford Massachusetts|last = Bixby|first = Willard Goldthwaite|publisher = |year = 1914|isbn = |location = Brooklyn, New York|pages = 387–394|url = https://archive.org/stream/genealogyofdesce00bixb#page/n459/mode/2up|last2 = Putnam|first2 = Eben|ref=harv}} |
*{{Cite book|title = A Genealogy of the Descendants of Joseph Bixby 1621-1701 of Ipswich and Boxford Massachusetts|last = Bixby|first = Willard Goldthwaite|publisher = |year = 1914|isbn = |location = Brooklyn, New York|pages = 387–394|url = https://archive.org/stream/genealogyofdesce00bixb#page/n459/mode/2up|last2 = Putnam|first2 = Eben|ref=harv}} |
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| + | *{{Cite journal|last=Banning|first=Kendall|first2=|date=February 1922|title=The Case of Lydia Bixby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cp5DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA516=onepage&q=#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=|issue=Vol. 54 No. 6|pages=516–520|work=The Bookman: A Review of Books and Life|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Bullard|first=F. Lauriston|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Widow Bixby |url=https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1946|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick|ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book|last=Bullard|first=F. Lauriston|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Widow Bixby |url=https://archive.org/stream/abrahamlincolnwi00bull#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1946|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick|ref=harv}} |
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*{{Cite journal|url = https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0016.107/--new-light-on-the-bixby-letter?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title = New Light on the Bixby Letter|last = Burlingame|first = Michael|date = Winter 1995|journal = Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151226120105/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0016.107/--new-light-on-the-bixby-letter?rgn=main;view=fulltext|archive-date= 26 December 2015|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 16|issue = 1|pages = 59–71|ref=harv}} |
*{{Cite journal|url = https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0016.107/--new-light-on-the-bixby-letter?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title = New Light on the Bixby Letter|last = Burlingame|first = Michael|date = Winter 1995|journal = Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151226120105/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0016.107/--new-light-on-the-bixby-letter?rgn=main;view=fulltext|archive-date= 26 December 2015|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 16|issue = 1|pages = 59–71|ref=harv}} |
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