Cannabidiol

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	== Pharmacodynamics ==		== Pharmacodynamics ==
−	Cannabidiol has no affinity for [[Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and has strong affinity for the [[Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub> receptors]] and acts as an agonist of CB2 receptor site.]]	+	Cannabidiol has no affinity for [[Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and has strong affinity for the [[Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub> receptors]] and acts as an agonist of CB2 receptor site.
	Recently, it was found to be an antagonist at the putative new cannabinoid receptor, [[GPR55]], a [[GPCR]] expressed in the [[caudate nucleus]] and [[putamen]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ | title = The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 152 | issue = 7 | pages = 1092–101 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17876302 | pmc = 2095107 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460 }}</ref> Cannabidiol has also been shown to act as a [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] partial agonist,<ref name="pmid16258853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Russo EB, Burnett A, Hall B, Parker KK | title = Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors | journal = Neurochemical Research | volume = 30 | issue = 8 | pages = 1037–43 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16258853 | doi = 10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1 }}</ref> an action which may be involved in its [[antidepressant]],<ref name=antid>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanelati TV, Biojone C, Moreira FA, Guimarães FS, Joca SR | title = Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 122–8 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20002102 | pmc = 2823358 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00521.x }}</ref><ref name="pmid19133999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Resstel LB, Tavares RF, Lisboa SF, Joca SR, Corrêa FM, Guimarães FS | title = 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 156 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–8 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19133999 | pmc = 2697769 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00046.x }}</ref> [[anxiolytic]],<ref name="pmid19133999"/><ref name="pmid18446323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos AC, Guimarães FS | title = Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 199 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–30 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18446323 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x }}</ref> and [[neuroprotective]]<ref name="pmid15845890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mishima K, Hayakawa K, Abe K, Ikeda T, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M | title = Cannabidiol prevents cerebral infarction via a serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-dependent mechanism | journal = Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 1077–82 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15845890 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000163083.59201.34 | url = http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15845890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17320118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Nozako M, Ogata A, Hazekawa M, Liu AX, Fujioka M, Abe K, Hasebe N, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M | title = Repeated treatment with cannabidiol but not Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a neuroprotective effect without the development of tolerance | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 1079–87 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17320118 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.11.005 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028-3908(06)00392-3 }}</ref> effects. Cannabidiol is an [[allosteric modulator]] of [[μ-opioid receptor|μ]] and [[δ-opioid receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kathmann M, Flau K, Redmer A, Tränkle C, Schlicker E | title = Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 372 | issue = 5 | pages = 354–361 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16489449 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s00210-006-0033-x }}</ref> Cannabidiol's pharmacological effects have also been attributed to [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma|PPAR-γ receptor]] [[agonist|agonism]] and [[Intracellular signaling pathway#Calcium|intracellular calcium release]].<ref name=Campos2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS | title = Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders | journal = Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. | volume = 367 | issue = 1607 | pages = 3364–78 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23108553 | pmc = 3481531 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0389 | type = Review }}</ref>		Recently, it was found to be an antagonist at the putative new cannabinoid receptor, [[GPR55]], a [[GPCR]] expressed in the [[caudate nucleus]] and [[putamen]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ | title = The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 152 | issue = 7 | pages = 1092–101 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17876302 | pmc = 2095107 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460 }}</ref> Cannabidiol has also been shown to act as a [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] partial agonist,<ref name="pmid16258853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Russo EB, Burnett A, Hall B, Parker KK | title = Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors | journal = Neurochemical Research | volume = 30 | issue = 8 | pages = 1037–43 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16258853 | doi = 10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1 }}</ref> an action which may be involved in its [[antidepressant]],<ref name=antid>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanelati TV, Biojone C, Moreira FA, Guimarães FS, Joca SR | title = Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 122–8 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20002102 | pmc = 2823358 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00521.x }}</ref><ref name="pmid19133999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Resstel LB, Tavares RF, Lisboa SF, Joca SR, Corrêa FM, Guimarães FS | title = 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 156 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–8 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19133999 | pmc = 2697769 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00046.x }}</ref> [[anxiolytic]],<ref name="pmid19133999"/><ref name="pmid18446323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos AC, Guimarães FS | title = Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 199 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–30 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18446323 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x }}</ref> and [[neuroprotective]]<ref name="pmid15845890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mishima K, Hayakawa K, Abe K, Ikeda T, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M | title = Cannabidiol prevents cerebral infarction via a serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-dependent mechanism | journal = Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 1077–82 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15845890 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000163083.59201.34 | url = http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15845890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17320118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Nozako M, Ogata A, Hazekawa M, Liu AX, Fujioka M, Abe K, Hasebe N, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M | title = Repeated treatment with cannabidiol but not Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a neuroprotective effect without the development of tolerance | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 1079–87 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17320118 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.11.005 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028-3908(06)00392-3 }}</ref> effects. Cannabidiol is an [[allosteric modulator]] of [[μ-opioid receptor|μ]] and [[δ-opioid receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kathmann M, Flau K, Redmer A, Tränkle C, Schlicker E | title = Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 372 | issue = 5 | pages = 354–361 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16489449 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s00210-006-0033-x }}</ref> Cannabidiol's pharmacological effects have also been attributed to [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma|PPAR-γ receptor]] [[agonist|agonism]] and [[Intracellular signaling pathway#Calcium|intracellular calcium release]].<ref name=Campos2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS | title = Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders | journal = Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. | volume = 367 | issue = 1607 | pages = 3364–78 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23108553 | pmc = 3481531 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0389 | type = Review }}</ref>